Black Sea Ocean Heat Content Anomaly (0-300m) time series and trend from Reanalysis & Multi-Observations Reprocessing
'''DEFINITION'''
Ocean heat content (OHC) is defined here as the deviation from a reference period (1993-2014) and is closely proportional to the average temperature change from z1 = 0 m to z2 = 300 m depth:
OHC=∫_(z_1)^(z_2)ρ_0 c_p (T_m-T_clim )dz [1]
with a reference density = 1020 kg m-3 and a specific heat capacity of cp = 3980 J kg-1 °C-1 (e.g. von Schuckmann et al., 2009; Lima et al., 2020); T_m corresponds to the monthly average temperature and T_clim is the climatological temperature of the corresponding month that varies according to each individual product.
Time series of monthly mean values area averaged ocean heat content is provided for the Black Sea (40.86°N, 46.8°N; 27.32°E, 41.96°E) and is evaluated in areas where the topography is deeper than 300m. The Azov and Marmara Seas are not considered.
The quality evaluation of OMI_CLIMATE_OHC_BLKSEA_area_averaged_anomalies is based on the “multi-product” approach as introduced in the second issue of the Ocean State Report (von Schuckmann et al., 2018), and following the MyOcean’s experience (Masina et al., 2017). Three global products and one regional (Black Sea) product have been used to build an ensemble mean, and its associated ensemble spread. Details on the products are delivered in the PUM and QUID of this OMI.
'''CONTEXT'''
Knowing how much and where heat energy is stored and released in the ocean is essential for understanding the contemporary Earth system state, variability and change, as the oceans shape our perspectives for the future.
Several studies discuss a warming in the Black Sea using either observations or model results (Akpinar et al., 2017; Stanev et al. 2019; Lima et al. 2020). Using satellite sea surface temperature observations (SST), Degtyarev (2000) detected a positive temperature trend of 0.016 ºC years-1 in the 50-100 m layer from 1985 to 1997. From Argo floats Stanev et al. (2019) found a warming trend in the cold intermediate layer (CIL; at approximately 25 – 70 m) of about 0.05 oC year-1 in recent years. The warming signal was also present in ocean heat content analyses conducted by Lima et al. (2020). Their results from the Black Sea regional reanalysis showed an increase rate of 0.880±0.181 W m-2 in the upper layers (0 – 200 m), which has been reflected in the disappearance of Black Sea cold intermediate layer in recent years. The newest version of reanalysis also presents a warming of 0.814±0.045 W m-2 in 0 – 200 m (Lima et al. (2021). This warming has been reflected in a more incidence of marine heat waves in the Black Sea over the past few years (Mohammed et al. 2022).
'''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS'''
Time series of ocean heat content anomalies present a significant interannual variability, altering between cool and warm events. This important characteristic becomes evident over the years 2012 to 2015: a minimum of ocean heat content anomaly is registered close to – 2.00 x 108 J m-2 in 2012, followed by positive values around 2.00 x 108 J m-2 in 2013 and above 2.0 x 108 J m-2 most of time in 2014 and 2015. Since 2005 the Black Sea experienced an increase in ocean heat content (0-300 m), and record OHC values are noticed in 2020. The Black Sea is warming at a rate of 0.995±0.084 W m-2, which is higher than the global average warming rate.
The increase in ocean heat content weakens the CIL, whereas its decreasing favours the CIL restoration (Akpinar et al., 2017). The years 2012 and 2017 exhibited a more evident warming interruption that induced a replenishment of the CIL (Lima et al. 2021).
'''Figure caption'''
Time series of the ensemble mean and ensemble spread (shaded area) of the monthly Black Sea averaged ocean heat content anomalies integrated over the 0-300m depth layer (J m–2) during Jan 2005 – December 2020. The monthly ocean heat content anomalies are defined as the deviation from the climatological ocean heat content mean (1993–2014) of each corresponding month. Mean trend values are also reported at the bottom right corner. The ensemble is based on different data products, i.e. Black Sea Reanalysis, global ocean reanalysis GLORYS12V1; global observational based products CORA5.2, ARMOR3D. Details on the products are given in the corresponding PUM and QUID for this OMI.
'''DOI (product):'''
Simple
- Alternate title
-
OMI_CLIMATE_OHC_BLKSEA_area_averaged_anomalies
- Date (Creation)
- 2018-02-12
- Edition
-
3.4
- Edition date
- 2023-11-30
- Identifier
- ccc7a248-0f6b-4053-b1c3-70e89034d519
- Credit
-
E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information
- Maintenance and update frequency
- Annually
- Other
-
P0M0D0H/P0M0D0H
- Maintenance note
-
N/A
- Climate and Forecast Standard Names
-
- integral_wrt_depth_of_sea_water_temperature_expressed_as_heat_content
- Use limitation
-
See Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Data commitments and licence at: http://marine.copernicus.eu/web/27-service-commitments-and-licence.php
- Access constraints
- Other restrictions
- Use constraints
- License
- Other constraints
-
No limitations on public access
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- reference
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- reference
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- reference
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- reference
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- reference
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- reference
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- reference
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- reference
- Aggregate Datasetindentifier
- 792770aa-8b7b-4e62-b3a6-f1b97fd3f58e
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- document
- Aggregate Datasetindentifier
- 197da854-e093-46dc-9e3c-affd192256b3
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- document
- Aggregate Datasetindentifier
- bb1fc9ad-7ba2-4f08-b8b3-6e53ded3d93f
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- document
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- reference
- Metadata language
-
eng
- Topic category
-
- Oceans
- Description
-
bounding box
- Begin date
- 2005-01-01
- End date
- 2022-06-30
Vertical extent
- Minimum value
- 0
- Maximum value
- 0.0
- Supplemental Information
-
display priority: 57500
- Codespace
-
EPSG
- Number of dimensions
- 2
- Dimension name
- Row
- Dimension name
- Column
- Cell geometry
- Area
- Transformation parameter availability
- No
- Distribution format
-
-
NetCDF-4
(
)
-
NetCDF-4
(
)
- OnLine resource
-
omi_climate_ohc_blksea_area_averaged_anomalies
(
WWW:STAC
)
For accessing native data and Analysis-ready Cloud-optimized data services, consult this STAC metadata endpoint
- OnLine resource
- omi_climate_ohc_blksea_area_averaged_anomalies ( OGC:WMTS )
- Hierarchy level
- Series
Conformance result
- Date (Publication)
- 2010-12-08
- Explanation
-
See the referenced specification
- Statement
-
The myOcean products depends on other products for production or validation. The detailed list of dependencies is given in ISO19115's aggregationInfo (ISO19139 Xpath = "gmd:MD_Metadata/gmd:identificationInfo/gmd:aggregationInfo[./gmd:MD_AggregateInformation/gmd:initiativeType/gmd:DS_InitiativeTypeCode/@codeListValue='upstream-validation' or 'upstream-production']")
- Attribute description
- observation
- Content type
- Physical measurement
- Descriptor
-
temporal resolution: monthly mean
- Descriptor
-
vertical level number: 0
- Included with dataset
- No
- Feature types
- Point series
- File identifier
- ccc7a248-0f6b-4053-b1c3-70e89034d519 XML
- Metadata language
- English
- Character set
- UTF8
- Hierarchy level
- Series
- Hierarchy level name
-
Copernicus Marine Service product specification
- Date stamp
- 2024-03-25T08:36:01.597Z
- Metadata standard name
-
ISO 19139, MyOcean profile
- Metadata standard version
-
0.2